Listed below are the reference citations used to develop the meta-analyses tables for the Clinical Practice Guideline on Smoking Cessation, Number 18. The references are grouped to correspond to tables and/or chapters contained in the guideline.

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Table 2. Efficacy of and Cessation Rates for Various Durations of Treatment

British Thoracic Society. Smoking cessation in patients: Two further studies by the British Thoracic Society. Thorax 1990 Nov;45:835-40.

Bronson DL, Flynn BS, Solomon LJ, Vacek P, Saucer-Walker RH. Smoking cessation counseling during periodic health examinations. Arch Intern Med 1989 Jul;149:1653-6.

Cottraux JA, Harf R, Boissel JP, Schbath J, Bouvard M, Gillet J. Smoking cessation with behaviour therapy or acupuncture--A controlled study. Behav Res Ther 1983;21:417-24.

Curry SJ, Marlatt GA, Gordon J, Baer JS. A comparison of alternative theoretical approaches to smoking cessation and relapse. Health Psychol 1988;7:545-56.

Decker BD, Evans RG. Efficacy of a minimal contact version of a multimodal smoking cessation program. Addict Behav 1989;14:487- 91.

Demers RY, Neale AV, Adams R, Trembath C, Herman SC. The impact of physicians' brief smoking cessation counseling: A MIRNET study. J Fam Pract 1990 Dec;31:625-9.

Gillams J, Lewith GT, Machin D. Acupuncture and group therapy in stopping smoking. Practitioner 1984 Mar;228:341-4.

Ginsberg D, Hall SM, Rosinski M. Partner support, psychological treatment, and nicotine gum in smoking treatment: An incremental study. Int J Addict 1992 May;27:503-14.

Gruder CL, Mermelstein RJ, Kirkendol S, Hedeker D, Wong SC, Schreckengost J et al. Effects of social support and relapse prevention training as adjuncts to a televised smoking-cessation intervention. J Consult Clin Psychol 1993;61:113-20.

Hilleman DE, Mohiuddin SM, Delcore MG, Lucas BD Jr. Randomized, controlled trial of transdermal clonidine for smoking cessation. Ann Pharmacother 1993 Sep;27:1025-8.

Hollis JF, Lichtenstein E, Mount K, Vogt TM, Stevens VJ. Nurse-assisted smoking counseling in medical settings: Minimizing demands on physicians. Prev Med 1991;20:497-507.

Huber D. Combined and separate treatment effects of nicotine chewing gum and self-control method. Pharmacopsychiatry 1988;21: 461-2.

Jamrozik K, Vessey M, Fowler G, Wald N, Parker G, Van Vunakis H. Controlled trial of three different antismoking interventions in general practice. Br Med J 1984 May;288:1499-1503.

Kendrick JS, Zahniser SC, Miller N, Salas N, Stine J, Gargiullo PM et al. Integrating smoking cessation into routine public prenatal care: Results of the smoking cessation in pregnancy project. Am J Public Health 1995;85:217-222.

Lambe R, Osier C, Franks P. A randomized controlled trial of hypnotherapy for smoking cessation. J Fam Pract 1986 Jan;22:61-5.

Lando HA, Hellerstedt WL, Pirie PL, McGovern PG. Brief supportive telephone outreach as a recruitment and intervention strategy for smoking cessation. Am J Public Health 1992 Jan;82: 41-6.

Langford ER, Thompson EG, Tripp SC. Smoking and health education during pregnancy: Evaluation of a program for women in prenatal classes. Can J Public Health 1983 Jul;74:285-9.

Leung JP. Smoking cessation by auricular acupuncture and behavioral therapy. Psychologia Intl J Psychol Orient 1991;34:177-87.

MacArthur C, Newton JR, Knox EG. Effect of anti-smoking health education on infant size at birth: A randomized controlled trial. Br J Obstet Gynecol 1987 Apr;94:295-300.

Marshall A, Raw M. Nicotine chewing gum in general practice: Effect of follow up appointments. Br Med J (Clin Res Ed) 1985 May;290:1397-8.

Mayer JP, Hawkins B, Todd R. A randomized evaluation of smoking cessation interventions for pregnant women at a WIC clinic. Am J Public Health 1990 Jan;80:76-8.

Mogielnicki RP, Neslin S, Dulac J, Balestra D, Gillie EC,J. Tailored media can enhance the success of smoking cessation clinics. J Behav Med 1986 Apr;9:141-61.

Mothersill KJ, McDowell I, Rosser W. Subject characteristics and long term post-program smoking cessation. Addict Behav 1988;13:29-36.

Nebot M, Cabezas C. Does nurse counseling or offer of nicotine gum improve the effectiveness of physician smoking-cessation advice? Fam Pract Res J 1992 Sep;12: 263-70.

Ockene JK, Kristeller J, Pbert L, Hebert JR, Luippold R, Goldbert RJ et al. The physician-delivered smoking intervention project: Can short-term interventions produce long-term effects for a general outpatient population? Health Psychol 1994;13:278- 81.

Ockene JK, Kristeller JL, Goldberg R, Ockene I, Merriam P, Barrett S et al. Smoking cessation and severity of disease: The Coronary Artery Smoking Intervention Study. Health Psychol 1992;11:119-26.

O'Connor AM, Davies BL, Dulberg CS, Buhler PL, Nadon C, McBride BH et al. Effectiveness of a pregnancy smoking cessation program. J Obstet Gynecol Neonatal Nurs 1992 Sep;21:385-92.

Orleans CT, Schoenbach VJ, Wagner EH, Quade D, Salmon MA, Pearson DC et al. Self-help quit smoking interventions: Effects of self-help materials, social support instructions, and telephone counseling. J Consult Clin Psychol 1991 Jun;59:439-48.

Page AR, Walters DJ, Schlegel RP, Best JA. Smoking cessation in family practice: The effects of advice and nicotine chewing gum prescription. Addict Behav 1986;11:443-6.

Patel C, Marmot MG, Terry DJ, et al. Trial of relaxation in reducing coronary risk: Four year follow up. Br Med J 1985 Apr;290:1103-6.

Pederson LL, Wanklin JM, Lefcoe NM. The effects of counseling on smoking cessation among patients hospitalized with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: A randomized clinical trial. Int J Addict 1991 Jan;26:107-19.

Rabkin SW, Boyko E, Shane F, Kaufert J. A randomized trial comparing smoking cessation programs utilizing behavior modification, health education or hypnosis. Addict Behav 1984;9:157-73.

Reid DD, Brett GZ, Hamilton PJS, Jarrett RJ, Keen H, Rose G. Cardiorespiratory disease and diabetes among middle-aged male civil servants. Lancet 1974 Mar;469-73.

Richmond RL, Austin A, Webster IW. Three year evaluation of a programme by general practitioners to help patients to stop smoking. Br Med J 1986 Mar;292:803-6.

Richmond RL, Webster IW. A smoking cessation programme for use in general practice. Med J Aust 1985 Feb;142:190-4.

Russell MA, Merriman R, Stapleton J, Taylor W. Effect of nicotine chewing gum as an adjunct to general practitioners' advice against smoking. Br Med J 1983 Dec;287:1782-5.

Russell MA, Wilson C, Taylor C, Baker CD. Effect of general practitioners' advice against smoking. Br Med J 1979 Jul;2:231-5.

Sanders D, Fowler G, Mant D, Fuller A, Jones L, Marzillier J. Randomized controlled trial of anti-smoking advice by nurses in general practice. J R Coll Gen Pract 1989 Jul;39:273-6.

Sexton M, Hebel JR. A clinical trial of change in maternal smoking and its effect on birth weight. JAMA 1984 Feb;251:911-5.

Shaughnessy AF, Davis RE, Reeder E. Nicotine chewing gum: Effectiveness and the influence of patient education in a family practice. J Fam Pract 1987;25:266-9.

Sivarajan ES, Newton KM, Almes MJ, Kempf TM, Mansfield LW, Bruce RA. The patient after myocardial infarction. Limited effects of outpatient teaching and counseling after myocardial infarction: A controlled study. Heart Lung 1983 Jan;12:65-73.

Slama K, Redman S, Perkins J, Reid AL, Sanson-Fisher RW. The effectiveness of two smoking cessation programmes for use in general practice: A randomised clinical trial. Br Med J 1990 Jun;300:1707-9.

Stevens VJ, Glasgow RE, Hollis JF, Lichtenstein E, Vogt TM. A smoking-cessation intervention for hospital patients. Med Care 1993 Jan;31:65-72.

Stewart PJ, Rosser WW. The impact of routine advice on smoking cessation from family physicians. Can Med Assoc J 1982 May;126:1051-4.

Taylor CB, Houston-Miller N, Killen JD, DeBusk RF. Smoking cessation after acute myocardial infarction: Effects of a nurse- managed intervention. Ann Intern Med 1990 Jul;113:118-23.

Valbo A, Nylander G. Smoking cessation in pregnancy. Intervention among heavy smokers. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand 1994 Mar;73:215-9.

Vetter NJ, Ford D. Smoking prevention among people aged 60 and over: A randomized controlled trial. Age Ageing 1990 May;19:164-8.

Weissfeld JL, Holloway JL. Treatment for cigarette smoking in a Department of Veterans Affairs outpatient clinic. Arch Intern Med 1991 May;151:973-7.

Williams JM, Hall DW. Use of single session hypnosis for smoking cessation. Addict Behav 1988;13:205-8.

Wilson DM, Taylor DW, Gilbert JR, Best JA, Lindsay EA, Willms DG et al. A randomized trial of a family physician intervention for smoking cessation. JAMA 1988 Sep;260:1570-4.

Wilson DH, Wakefield MA, Steven ID, Rohrsheim RA, Esterman AJ, Graham NMH. "Sick of Smoking" evaluation of a targeted minimal smoking cessation intervention in general practice. Med J Aust 1990 May;152:518-21.

Wilson D, Wood G, Johnston N, Sicurella J. Randomized clinical trial of supportive follow-up for cigarette smokers in a family practice. Can Med Assoc J 1982 Jan;126:127-9.

Windsor RA, Cutter G, Morris J, Reese Y, Manzella B, Bartlett EE et al. The effectiveness of smoking cessation methods for smokers in public health maternity clinics: A randomized trial. Am J Public Health 1985 Dec;75:1389-92.

Windsor RA, Lowe JB, Bartlett EE. The effectiveness of a worksite self-help smoking cessation program: A randomized trial. J Behav Med 1988 Aug;11:407-21.

Windsor RA, Lowe JB, Perkins LL, Smith-Yoder D, Artz L, Crawford M et al. Health education for pregnant smokers: Its behavioral impact and cost benefit. Am J Public Health 1993 Feb;83:201-6.

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Table 4. Impact of Having a Smoking Status Identification System in Place on the Rates that Clinicians Intervene with their Patients who Smoke

Cohen SJ, Christen AG, Katz BP, Drook CA, Davis BJ, Smith DM et al. Counseling medical and dental patients about cigarette smoking: the impact of nicotine gum and chart reminders. Am J Public Health 1987 Mar;77:313-6. (treated as two studies)

Dietrich AJ, O'Connor GT, Keller A, Carney PA, Levy D, Whaley FS. Cancer: Improving early detection and prevention. A community practice randomized trial. Br Med J 1992;304:687-91.

Fiore MC, Jorenby DE, Schensky AE, Smith SS, Bauer RR, Baker TB. Smoking status as the new vital sign: Impact on assessment and intervention with patients who smoke. Mayo Clin Proc 1995 Mar;70:209-13.

Hahn DL, Berger MG. Implementation of a systematic health maintenance protocol in a private practice. J Fam Pract 1990;31:492-504.

Kottke TE, Solberg LI, Brekke ML, Conn SA, Maxwell P, Brekke MJ. A controlled trial to integrate smoking cessation advice into primary care practice: Doctors helping smokers, round III. J Fam Pract 1992;34:701-8.

McIlvain HE, Susman JL, Manners MA, Davis CM, Gilbert CS. Improving smoking cessation counseling by family practice residents. J Fam Pract 1992;34:745-9.

Robinson MD, Laurent SL, Little JM Jr. Including smoking status as a new vital sign: It works! J Fam Pract 1995 Jun;40:556-61.

Strecher VJ, O'Malley MS, Villagra VG, Campbell EE, Gonzalez JJ, Irons TG et al. Can residents be trained to counsel patients about quitting smoking? Results from a randomized trial. J Gen Intern Med 1991 Jan;6:9-17.

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Table 5. The Impact of Having a Smoking Status Identification System in Place on the Rates of Cessation among Patients Who Smoke

Cohen SJ, Christen AG, Katz BP, Drook CA, Davis BJ, Smith DM et al. Counseling medical and dental patients about cigarette smoking: the impact of nicotine gum and chart reminders. Am J Public Health 1987 Mar;77:313-6. (treated as two studies)

Strecher VJ, O'Malley MS, Villagra VG, Campbell EE, Gonzalez JJ, Irons TG et al. Can residents be trained to counsel patients about quitting smoking? Results from a randomized trial. J Gen Intern Med 1991 Jan;6:9-17.

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Table 6. Efficacy of Advice to Quit by a Clinician

Demers RY, Neale AV, Adams R, Trembath C, Herman SC. The impact of physicians' brief smoking cessation counseling: A MIRNET study. J Fam Pract 1990 Dec;31:625-9.

Jamrozik K, Vessey M, Fowler G, Wald N, Parker G, Van Vunakis H. Controlled trial of three different antismoking interventions in general practice. Br Med J 1984 May;288:1499-1503.

Page AR, Walters DJ, Schlegel RP, Best JA. Smoking cessation in family practice: The effects of advice and nicotine chewing gum prescription. Addict Behav 1986;11:443-6.

Russell MA, Merriman R, Stapleton J, Taylor W. Effect of nicotine chewing gum as an adjunct to general practitioners' advice against smoking. Br Med J 1983 Dec;287:1782-5.

Russell MA, Wilson C, Taylor C, Baker CD. Effect of general practitioners' advice against smoking. Br Med J 1979 Jul;2:231-5.

Slama K, Redman S, Perkins J, Reid AL, Sanson-Fisher RW. The effectiveness of two smoking cessation programmes for use in general practice: A randomised clinical trial. Br Med J 1990 Jun;300:1707-9.

Stewart PJ, Rosser WW. The impact of routine advice on smoking cessation from family physicians. Can Med Assoc J 1982 May;126:1051-4.

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Table 8. Efficacy of and Estimated Cessation Rates for Interventions Delivered by Various Types of Providers

British Thoracic Society. Smoking cessation in patients: two further studies by the British Thoracic Society. Thorax 1990:45:835-840.

Bronson DL, Flynn BS, Solomon LJ, Vacek P, Secker-Walker RH. Smoking cessation counseling during periodic health examinations. Arch Intern Med 1989 Jul;149:1653-6.

Cottraux JA, Harf R, Boissel JP, Schbath J, Bouvard M, Gillet J. Smoking cessation with behaviour therapy or acupuncture--A controlled study. Behav Res Ther 1983;21:417-24.

Curry SJ, Marlatt GA, Gordon J, Baer JS. A comparison of alternative theoretical approaches to smoking cessation and relapse. Health Psychol 1988;7:545-56.

Davies BL, Matte-Lewis MBL, O'Connor AM, Dulberg CS, Drake ER. Evaluation of the "Time to Quit" self-help smoking cessation program. Can J Public Health 1992 Jan;83:19-23.

Decker BD, Evans RG. Efficacy of a minimal contact version of a multimodal smoking cessation program. Addict Behav 1989;14:487- 91.

Demers RY, Neale AV, Adams R, Trembath C, Herman SC. The impact of physicians' brief smoking cessation counseling: A MIRNET study. J Fam Pract 1990 Dec;31:625-9.

Gruder CL, Mermelstein RJ, Kirkendol S, Hedeker D, Wong SC, Schreckengost J et al. Effects of social support and relapse prevention training as adjuncts to a televised smoking-cessation intervention. J Consult Clin Psychol 1993;61:113-20.

Hughes GH, Hymowitz N, Ockene JK, Simon N, Vogt TM. The Multiple Risk Factor Intervention Trial (MRFIT). V. Intervention on smoking. Prev Med 1981 Jul;10:476-500.

Hymowitz N, Campbell K, Feuerman M. Long-term smoking intervention at the worksite: Effects of quit-smoking groups and an enriched milieu on smoking cessation in adult white-collar employees. Health Psychol 1991;10:366-9.

Jamrozik K, Vessey M, Fowler G, Wald N, Parker G, Van Vunakis H. Controlled trial of three different antismoking interventions in general practice. Br Med J 1984 May;288:1499-1503.

Kendrick JS, Zahniser SC, Miller N, Salas N, Stine J, Gargiullo PM et al. Integrating smoking cessation into routine public prenatal care: Results of the smoking cessation in pregnancy project. Am J Public Health 1995;85:217-222.

Lambe R, Osier C, Franks P. A randomized controlled trial of hypnotherapy for smoking cessation. J Fam Pract 1986 Jan;22:61-5.

Lando HA, Hellerstedt WL, Pirie PL, McGovern PG. Brief supportive telephone outreach as a recruitment and intervention strategy for smoking cessation. Am J Public Health 1992 Jan;82:41-6.

Langford ER, Thompson EG, Tripp SC. Smoking and health education during pregnancy: Evaluation of a program for women in prenatal classes. Can J Public Health 1983 Jul;74:285-289.

Leung JP. Smoking cessation by auricular acupuncture and behavioral therapy. Psychologia Intl J Psychol Orient 1991;34:177-87.

Mayer JP, Hawkins B, Todd R. A randomized evaluation of smoking cessation interventions for pregnant women at a WIC clinic. Am J Public Health 1990 Jan;80:76-8.

Mogielnicki RP, Neslin S, Dulac J, Balestra D, Gillie E, Corson J. Tailored media can enhance the success of smoking cessation clinics. J Behav Med 1986 Apr;9:141-61.

Mothersill KJ, McDowell I, Rosser W. Subject characteristics and long term post-program smoking cessation. Addict Behav 1988;13:29-36.

Nebot M, Cabezas C. Does nurse counseling or offer of nicotine gum improve the effectiveness of physician smoking- cessation advice? Fam Pract Res J 1992 Sep;12:263-70.

Orleans CT, Schoenbach VJ, Wagner EH, Quade D, Salmon MA, Pearson DC et al. Self-help quit smoking interventions: Effects of self-help materials, social support instructions, and telephone counseling. J Consult Clin Psychol 1991 Jun;59:439-48.

Ossip-Klein DJ, Giovino GA, Megahed N, Black PM, Emont SL, Stiggins J et al. Effects of a smoker's hotline: Results of a 10- county self-help trial. J Consult Clin Psychol 1991;59:325-32.

Page AR, Walters DJ, Schlegel RP, Best JA. Smoking cessation in family practice: The effects of advice and nicotine chewing gum prescription. Addict Behav 1986;11:443-6.

Pederson LL, Wanklin JM, Lefcoe NM. The effects of counseling on smoking cessation among patients hospitalized with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: A randomized clinical trial. Int J Addict 1991 Jan;26:107-19.

Rabkin SW, Boyko E, Shane F, Kaufert J. A randomized trial comparing smoking cessation programs utilizing behavior modification, health education or hypnosis. Addict Behav 1984;9:157-73.

Reid DD, Brett GZ, Hamilton PJS, Jarrett RJ, Keen H, Rose G. Cardiorespiratory disease and diabetes among middle-aged male civil servants. Lancet 1974 Mar;:469-73.

Richmond RL, Austin A, Webster IW. Three year evaluation of a programme by general practitioners to help patients to stop smoking. Br Med J 1986 Mar;292:803-6.

Russell MA, Merriman R, Stapleton J, Taylor W. Effect of nicotine chewing gum as an adjunct to general practitioners' advice against smoking. Br Med J 1983 Dec;287:1782-5.

Russell MA, Wilson C, Taylor C, Baker CD. Effect of general practitioners' advice against smoking. Br Med J 1979 Jul;2:231-5.

Sanders D, Fowler G, Mant D, Fuller A, Jones L, Marzillier J. Randomized controlled trial of anti-smoking advice by nurses in general practice. J R Coll Gen Pract 1989 Jul;39:273-6.

Sawicki PT, Didjurgeit U, Muhlhauser I, Berger M. Behaviour therapy versus doctor's anti-smoking advice in diabetic patients. J Intern Med 1993 Oct;234:407-9.

Sexton M, Hebel JR. A clinical trial of change in maternal smoking and its effect on birth weight. JAMA 1984 Feb;251:911-5.

Shaughnessy AF, Davis RE, Reeder E. Nicotine chewing gum: Effectiveness and the influence of patient education in a family practice. J Fam Pract 1987;25:266-9.

Sivarajan ES, Newton KM, Almes MJ, Kempf TM, Mansfield LW, Bruce RA. The patient after myocardial infarction. Limited effects of outpatient teaching and counseling after myocardial infarction: A controlled study. Heart Lung 1983 Jan;12:65-73.

Slama K, Redman S, Perkins J, Reid AL, Sanson-Fisher RW. The effectiveness of two smoking cessation programmes for use in general practice: A randomised clinical trial. Br Med J 1990 Jun;300:1707-9.

Stevens VJ, Glasgow RE, Hollis JF, Lichtenstein E, Vogt TM. A smoking-cessation intervention for hospital patients. Med Care 1993 Jan;31:65-72.

Stewart PJ, Rosser WW. The impact of routine advice on smoking cessation from family physicians. Can Med Assoc J 1982 May;126:1051-4.

Taylor CB, Houston-Miller N, Killen JD, DeBusk RF. Smoking cessation after acute myocardial infarction: Effects of a nurse- managed intervention. Ann Intern Med 1990 Jul;113:118-23.

Vetter NJ, Ford D. Smoking prevention among people aged 60 and over: A randomized controlled trial. Age Ageing 1990 May;19:164-8.

Weissfeld JL, Holloway JL. Treatment for cigarette smoking in a Department of Veterans Affairs outpatient clinic. Arch Intern Med 1991 May;151:973-7.

Williams JM, Hall DW. Use of single session hypnosis for smoking cessation. Addict Behav 1988;13:205-8.

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Table 9. Efficacy of and Estimated Cessation Rates for Various Formats

Campbell IA, Hansford M, Prescott RJ. Effect of a "Stop Smoking" booklet on smokers attending for chest radiography: A controlled study. Thorax 1986 May;41:369-71.

Cottraux JA, Harf R, Boissel JP, Schbath J, Bouvard M, Gillet J. Smoking cessation with behaviour therapy or acupuncture--A controlled study. Behav Res Ther 1983;21:417-24.

Decker BD, Evans RG. Efficacy of a minimal contact version of a multimodal smoking cessation program. Addict Behav 1989;14:487- 91.

Gillams J, Lewith GT, Machin D. Acupuncture and group therapy in stopping smoking. Practitioner 1984 Mar;228:341-4.

Gritz ER, Berman BA, Bastani R, Wu M. A randomized trial of a self-help smoking cessation intervention in a nonvolunteer female population: Testing the limits of the public health model. Health Psychol 1992;11:280-9.

Hilleman DE, Mohiuddin SM, Delcore MG, Lucas BD Jr. Randomized, controlled trial of transdermal clonidine for smoking cessation. Ann Pharmacother 1993 Sep;27:1025-8.

Jamrozik K, Vessey M, Fowler G, Wald N, Parker G, Van Vunakis H. Controlled trial of three different antismoking interventions in general practice. Br Med J 1984 May;288:1499-1503.

Kendrick JS, Zahniser SC, Miller N, Salas N, Stine J, Gargiullo PM et al. Integrating smoking cessation into routine public prenatal care: Results of the smoking cessation in pregnancy project. Am J Public Health 1995;85:217-222.

Lando HA, Hellerstedt WL, Pirie PL, McGovern PG. Brief supportive telephone outreach as a recruitment and intervention strategy for smoking cessation. Am J Public Health 1992 Jan;82:41-6.

Langford ER, Thompson EG, Tripp SC. Smoking and health education during pregnancy: Evaluation of a program for women in prenatal classes. Can J Public Health 1983 Jul;74:285-289.

Leung JP. Smoking cessation by auricular acupuncture and behavioral therapy. Psychologia Intl J Psychol Orient 1991;34:177-87.

Mogielnicki RP, Neslin S, Dulac J, Balestra D, Gillie E Corson J. Tailored media can enhance the success of smoking cessation clinics. J Behav Med 1986 Apr;9:141-61.

Mothersill KJ, McDowell I, Rosser W. Subject characteristics and long term post-program smoking cessation. Addict Behav 1988;13:29-36.

Page AR, Walters DJ, Schlegel RP, Best JA. Smoking cessation in family practice: The effects of advice and nicotine chewing gum prescription. Addict Behav 1986;11:443-6.

Pallonen UE, Leskinen L, Prochaska JO, Willey CJ, Kaariainen R, Salonen JT. A 2-year self-help smoking cessation manual intervention among middle-aged Finnish men: An application of the transtheoretical model. Prev Med 1994;23:507-14.

Rabkin SW, Boyko E, Shane F, Kaufert J. A randomized trial comparing smoking cessation programs utilizing behaviour modification, health education or hypnosis. Addict Behav 1984;9:157-73.

Reid DD, Brett GZ, Hamilton PJS, Jarrett RJ, Keen H, Rose G. Cardiorespiratory disease and diabetes among middle-aged male civil servants. Lancet 1974 Mar;:469-73.

Richmond RL, Austin A, Webster IW. Three year evaluation of a programme by general practitioners to help patients to stop smoking. Br Med J 1986 Mar;292:803-6.

Russell MA, Merriman R, Stapleton J, Taylor W. Effect of nicotine chewing gum as an adjunct to general practitioners' advice against smoking. Br Med J 1983 Dec;287:1782-5.

Russell MA, Wilson C, Taylor C, Baker CD. Effect of general practitioners' advice against smoking. Br Med J 1979 Jul;2:231-5.

Sanders D, Fowler G, Mant D, Fuller A, Jones L, Marzillier J. Randomized controlled trial of anti-smoking advice by nurses in general practice. J R Coll Gen Pract 1989 Jul;39:273-6.

Slama K, Redman S, Perkins J, Reid AL, Sanson-Fisher RW. The effectiveness of two smoking cessation programmes for use in general practice: A randomised clinical trial. Br Med J 1990 Jun;300:1707-9.

Stewart PJ, Rosser WW. The impact of routine advice on smoking cessation from family physicians. Can Med Assoc J 1982 May;126:1051-4.

Vetter NJ, Ford D. Smoking prevention among people aged 60 and over: A randomized controlled trial. Age Ageing 1990 May;19:164-8.

Williams JM, Hall DW. Use of single session hypnosis for smoking cessation. Addictive Behaviors 1988;13:205-208.

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Table 10. Efficacy of and Cessation Rates for Various Types of Self- Help Formats When Used Alone

British Thoracic Society. Comparison of four methods of smoking withdrawal in patients with smoking related diseases. British Medical Journal 1983;286:595-597.

Campbell IA, Hansford M, Prescott RJ. Effect of a "Stop Smoking" booklet on smokers attending for chest radiography: A controlled study. Thorax 1986 May;41:369-71.

Campbell IA, Lyons E, Prescott RJ. Stopping smoking: Do nicotine chewing-gum and postal encouragement add to doctor's advice. Practitioner 1987 Jan;231:114-7.

Davis AL, Faust R, Ordentlich M. Self-help smoking cessation and maintenance programs: A comparative study with 12-month follow-up by the American Lung Association. Am J Public Health 1984 Nov;74:1212-7.

Gomel M, Oldenburg B, Simpson JM, Owen N. Work-site cardiovascular risk reduction: A randomized trial of health risk assessment, education, counseling, and incentives. Am J Public Health 1993 Sep;83:1231-8.

Gritz ER, Berman BA, Bastani R, Wu M. A randomized trial of a self-help smoking cessation intervention in a nonvolunteer female population: Testing the limits of the public health model. Health Psychol 1992;11:280-9.

Li VC, Coates TJ, Spielberg LA, Ewart CK, Dorfman S, Huster WJ. Smoking cessation with young women in public family planning clinics: The impact of physician messages and waiting room media. Prev Med 1984 Sep;13:477-89.

Orleans CT, Schoenbach VJ, Wagner EH, Quade D, Salmon MA, Pearson DC et al. Self-help quit smoking interventions: Effects of self-help materials, social support instructions, and telephone counseling. J Consult Clin Psychol 1991 Jun;59:439-48.

Ossip-Klein DJ, Giovino GA, Megahed N, Black PM, Emont SL, Stiggins J et al. Effects of a smoker's hotline: Results of a 10- county self-help trial. J Consult Clin Psychol 1991;59:325-32.

Pederson LL, Lefcoe NM, Wood T. Use of a self-help smoking cessation manual as an adjunct to advice from a respiratory specialist. . Int J Addict (US) 1983;18:777-782.

Petersen L, Handel J, Kotch J, Podedworny T, Rosen A. Smoking reduction during pregnancy by a program of self-help and clinical support. Obstet Gynecol 1992 Jun;79:924-30.

Russell MA, Wilson C, Taylor C, Baker CD. Effect of general practitioners' advice against smoking. Br Med J 1979 Jul;2:231-5.

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Table 11. Efficacy of Multiple Types of Self-Help Materials

British Thoracic Society. Comparison of four methods of smoking withdrawal in patients with smoking related diseases. British Medical Journal 1983;286:595-597.

Campbell IA, Hansford M, Prescott RJ. Effect of a "Stop Smoking" booklet on smokers attending for chest radiography: A controlled study. Thorax 1986 May;41:369-71.

Campbell IA, Lyons E, Prescott RJ. Stopping smoking: Do nicotine chewing-gum and postal encouragement add to doctor's advice. Practitioner 1987 Jan;231:114-7.

Davis AL, Faust R, Ordentlich M. Self-help smoking cessation and maintenance programs: A comparative study with 12-month follow-up by the American Lung Association. Am J Public Health 1984 Nov;74:1212-7.

Gomel M, Oldenburg B, Simpson JM, Owen N. Work-site cardiovascular risk reduction: A randomized trial of health risk assessment, education, counseling, and incentives. Am J Public Health 1993 Sep;83:1231-8.

Gritz ER, Berman BA, Bastani R, Wu M. A randomized trial of a self-help smoking cessation intervention in a nonvolunteer female population: Testing the limits of the public health model. Health Psychol 1992;11:280-9.

Li VC, Coates TJ, Spielberg LA, Ewart CK, Dorfman S, Huster WJ. Smoking cessation with young women in public family planning clinics: The impact of physician messages and waiting room media. Prev Med 1984 Sep;13:477-89.

Orleans CT, Schoenbach VJ, Wagner EH, Quade D, Salmon MA, Pearson DC et al. Self-help quit smoking interventions: Effects of self-help materials, social support instructions, and telephone counseling. J Consult Clin Psychol 1991 Jun;59:439-48.

Ossip-Klein DJ, Giovino GA, Megahed N, Black PM, Emont SL, Stiggins J et al. Effects of a smoker's hotline: Results of a 10- county self-help trial. J Consult Clin Psychol 1991;59:325-32.

Pederson LL, Lefcoe NM, Wood T. Use of a self-help smoking cessation manual as an adjunct to advice from a respiratory specialist. Int J Addict (US) 1983;18:777-782.

Petersen L, Handel J, Kotch J, Podedworny T, Rosen A. Smoking reduction during pregnancy by a program of self-help and clinical support. Obstet Gynecol 1992 Jun;79:924-30.

Russell MA, Wilson C, Taylor C, Baker CD. Effect of general practitioners' advice against smoking. Br Med J 1979 Jul;2:231-5.

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Table 12. Efficacy of and Cessation Rates for Various Intensity Levels of Person-to-Person Contact

British Thoracic Society. Smoking cessation in patients: Two further studies by the British Thoracic Society. Thorax 1990 Nov;45:835-40.

Bronson DL, Flynn BS, Solomon LJ, Vacek P, Secker-Walker RH. Smoking cessation counseling during periodic health examinations. Arch Intern Med 1989 Jul;149:1653-6.

Cottraux JA, Harf R, Boissel JP, Schbath J, Bouvard M, Gillet J. Smoking cessation with behaviour therapy or acupuncture--A controlled study. Behav Res Ther 1983;21:417-24.

Curry SJ, Marlatt GA, Gordon J, Baer JS. A comparison of alternative theoretical approaches to smoking cessation and relapse. Health Psychol 1988;7:545-56.

Davies BL, Matte-Lewis MBL, O'Connor AM, Dulberg CS, Drake ER. Evaluation of the "Time to Quit" self-help smoking cessation program. Can J Public Health 1992 Jan;83:19-23.

Decker BD, Evans RG. Efficacy of a minimal contact version of a multimodal smoking cessation program. Addict Behav 1989;14:487- 91.

Demers RY, Neale AV, Adams R, Trembath C, Herman SC. The impact of physicians' brief smoking cessation counseling: A MIRNET study. J Fam Pract 1990 Dec;31:625-9.

Gillams J, Lewith GT, Machin D. Acupuncture and group therapy in stopping smoking. Practitioner 1984 Mar;228:341-4.

Ginsberg D, Hall SM, Rosinski M. Partner support, psychological treatment, and nicotine gum in smoking treatment: An incremental study. Int J Addict 1992 May;27:503-14.

Gruder CL, Mermelstein RJ, Kirkendol S, Hedeker D, Wong SC, Schreckengost J et al. Effects of social support and relapse prevention training as adjuncts to a televised smoking-cessation intervention. J Consult Clin Psychol 1993;61:113-20.

Hilleman DE, Mohiuddin SM, Delcore MG, Lucas BD Jr. Randomized, controlled trial of transdermal clonidine for smoking cessation. Ann Pharmacother 1993 Sep;27:1025-8.

Hollis JF, Lichtenstein E, Vogt TM, Stevens VJ, Biglan A. Nurse-assisted counseling for smokers in primary care. Ann Intern Med 1993 Apr;118:521-5.

Huber D. Combined and seperate treatment effects of nicotine chewing gum and self-control method. Pharmacopsychiatry 1988;21:461-2.

Hughes GH, Hymowitz N, Ockene JK, Simon N, Vogt TM. The Multiple Risk Factor Intervention Trial (MRFIT). V. Intervention on smoking. Prev Med 1981 Jul;10:476-500.

Jamrozik K, Vessey M, Fowler G, Wald N, Parker G, Van Vunakis H. Controlled trial of three different antismoking interventions in general practice. Br Med J 1984 May;288:1499-1503.

Kendrick JS, Zahniser SC, Miller N, Salas N, Stine J, Gargiullo PM et al. Integrating smoking cessation into routine public prenatal care: Results of the smoking cessation in pregnancy project. Am J Public Health 1995;85:217-222.

Lambe R, Osier C, Franks P. A randomized controlled trial of hypnotherapy for smoking cessation. J Fam Pract 1986 Jan;22:61-5.

Lando HA, Hellerstedt WL, Pirie PL, McGovern PG. Brief supportive telephone outreach as a recruitment and intervention strategy for smoking cessation. Am J Public Health 1992 Jan;82:41-6.

Langford ER, Thompson EG, Tripp SC. Smoking and health education during pregnancy: Evaluation of a program for women in prenatal classes. Can J Public Health 1983 Jul;74:285-289.

Leung JP. Smoking cessation by auricular acupuncture and behavioral therapy. Psychologia Intl J Psychol Orient 1991;34:177-87.

MacArthur C, Newton JR, Knox EG. Effect of anti-smoking health education on infant size at birth: A randomized controlled trial. Br J Obstet Gynecol 1987 Apr;94:295-300.

Marshall A, Raw M. Nicotine chewing gum in general practice: Effect of follow up appointments. Br Med J (Clin Res Ed) 1985 May;290:1397-8.

Mayer JP, Hawkins B, Todd R. A randomized evaluation of smoking cessation interventions for pregnant women at a WIC clinic. Am J Public Health 1990 Jan;80:76-8.

Messimer SR, Hickner JM, Henry RC. A comparison of two antismoking interventions among pregnant women in eleven private primary care practices. J Fam Pract 1989 Mar;28:283-8.

Mogielnicki RP, Neslin S, Dulac J, Balestra D, Gillie EC,J. Tailored media can enhance the success of smoking cessation clinics. J Behav Med 1986 Apr;9:141-61.

Mothersill KJ, McDowell I, Rosser W. Subject characteristics and long term post-program smoking cessation. Addict Behav 1988;13:29-36.

Nebot M, Cabezas C. Does nurse counseling or offer of nicotine gum improve the effectiveness of physician smoking- cessation advice? Fam Pract Res J 1992 Sep;12:263-70.

Ockene JK, Kristeller J, Pbert L, Hebert JR, Luippold R, Goldbert RJ et al. The physician-delivered smoking intervention project: Can short-term interventions produce long-term effects for a general outpatient population? Health Psychol 1994;13:278- 81.

Ockene JK, Kristeller JL, Goldberg R, Ockene I, Merriam P, Barrett S et al. Smoking cessation and severity of disease: The Coronary Artery Smoking Intervention Study. Health Psychol 1992;11:119-26.

O'Connor AM, Davies BL, Dulberg CS, Buhler PL, Nadon C, McBride BH et al. Effectiveness of a pregnancy smoking cessation program. J Obstet Gynecol Neonatal Nurs 1992 Sep;21:385-92.

Orleans CT, Schoenbach VJ, Wagner EH, Quade D, Salmon MA, Pearson DC et al. Self-help quit smoking interventions: Effects of self-help materials, social support instructions, and telephone counseling. J Consult Clin Psychol 1991 Jun;59:439-48.

Page AR, Walters DJ, Schlegel RP, Best JA. Smoking cessation in family practice: The effects of advice and nicotine chewing gum prescription. Addict Behav 1986;11:443-6.

Patel C, Marmot MG, Terry DJ, et al. Trial of relaxation in reducing coronary risk: Four year follow up. Br Med J 1985 Apr;290:1103-6.

Pederson LL, Wanklin JM, Lefcoe NM. The effects of counseling on smoking cessation among patients hospitalized with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: A randomized clinical trial. Int J Addict 1991 Jan;26:107-19.

Rabkin SW, Boyko E, Shane F, Kaufert J. A randomized trial comparing smoking cessation programs utilizing behavior modification, health education or hypnosis. Addict Behav 1984;9:157-73.

Reid DD, Brett GZ, Hamilton PJS, Jarrett RJ, Keen H, Rose G. Cardiorespiratory disease and diabetes among middle-aged male civil servants. Lancet 1974 Mar;:469-73.

Richmond RL, Austin A, Webster IW. Three year evaluation of a programme by general practitioners to help patients to stop smoking. Br Med J 1986 Mar;292:803-6.

Richmond RL, Webster IW. A smoking cessation programme for use in general practice. Med J Aust 1985 Feb;142:190-4.

Russell MA, Merriman R, Stapleton J, Taylor W. Effect of nicotine chewing gum as an adjunct to general practitioners' advice against smoking. Br Med J 1983 Dec;287:1782-5.

Russell MA, Wilson C, Taylor C, Baker CD. Effect of general practitioners' advice against smoking. Br Med J 1979 Jul;2:231-5.

Sanders D, Fowler G, Mant D, Fuller A, Jones L, Marzillier J. Randomized controlled trial of anti-smoking advice by nurses in general practice. J R Coll Gen Pract 1989 Jul;39:273-6.

Sexton M, Hebel JR. A clinical trial of change in maternal smoking and its effect on birth weight. JAMA 1984 Feb;251:911-5.

Shaughnessy AF, Davis RE, Reeder E. Nicotine chewing gum: Effectiveness and the influence of patient education in a family practice. J Fam Pract 1987;25:266-9.

Sivarajan ES, Bruce RA, Almes MJ, Green B, Belanger L, Lindskog BD et al. In-hospital exercise after myocardial infarction does not improve treadmill performance. N Engl J Med 1981 Aug;305:357-62.

Stevens VJ, Glasgow RE, Hollis JF, Lichtenstein E, Vogt TM. A smoking-cessation intervention for hospital patients. Med Care 1993 Jan;31:65-72.

Stewart PJ, Rosser WW. The impact of routine advice on smoking cessation from family physicians. Can Med Assoc J 1982 May;126:1051-4.

Taylor CB, Houston-Miller N, Killen JD, DeBusk RF. Smoking cessation after acute myocardial infarction: Effects of a nurse- managed intervention. Ann Intern Med 1990 Jul;113:118-23.

Valbo A, Nylander G. Smoking cessation in pregnancy. Intervention among heavy smokers. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand 1994 Mar;73:215-9.

Vetter NJ, Ford D. Smoking prevention among people aged 60 and over: A randomized controlled trial. Age Ageing 1990 May;19:164-8.

Weissfeld JL, Holloway JL. Treatment for cigarette smoking in a Department of Veterans Affairs outpatient clinic. Arch Intern Med 1991 May;151:973-7.

Wilson DM, Taylor DW, Gilbert JR, Best JA, Lindsay EA, Willms DG et al. A randomized trial of a family physician intervention for smoking cessation. JAMA 1988 Sep;260:1570-4.

Wilson DH, Wakefield MA, Steven ID, Rohrsheim RA, Esterman AJ, Graham NMH. "Sick of Smoking" evaluation of a targeted minimal smoking cessation intervention in general practice. Med J Aust 1990 May;152:518-21.

Wilson D, Wood G, Johnston N, Sicurella J. Randomized clinical trial of supportive follow-up for cigarette smokers in a family practice. Can Med Assoc J 1982 Jan;126:127-9.

Windsor RA, Cutter G, Morris J, Reese Y, Manzella B, Bartlett EE et al. The effectiveness of smoking cessation methods for smokers in public health maternity clinics: A randomized trial. Am J Public Health 1985 Dec;75:1389-92.

Windsor RA, Lowe JB, Bartlett EE. The effectiveness of a worksite self-help smoking cessation program: A randomized trial. J Behav Med 1988 Aug;11:407-21.

Windsor RA, Lowe JB, Perkins LL, Smith-Yoder D, Artz L, Crawford M et al. Health education for pregnant smokers: Its behavioral impact and cost benefit. Am J Public Health 1993 Feb;83:201-6.

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Table 13. Efficacy of and Cessation Rates for Various Types of Content Relative to No-Contact Arms

Buchkremer G, Minneker E, Block M. Smoking-cessation treatment combining transdermal nicotine substitution with behavioral therapy. Pharmacopsychiatry 1991 May;24:96-102. (treated as two studies)

Burling TA, Marotta J, Gonzalez R, Moltzen JO, Eng AM, Schmidt GA et al. Computerized smoking cessation program for the worksite: Treatment outcome and feasibility. J Consult Clin Psychol 1989 Oct;57:619-22.

Cottraux JA, Harf R, Boissel JP, Schbath J, Bouvard M, Gillet J. Smoking cessation with behaviour therapy or acupuncture--A controlled study. Behav Res Ther 1983;21:417-24.

Curry SJ, Marlatt GA, Gordon J, Baer JS. A comparison of alternative theoretical approaches to smoking cessation and relapse. Health Psychol 1988;7:545-56.

Decker BD, Evans RG. Efficacy of a minimal contact version of a multimodal smoking cessation program. Addict Behav 1989;14:487- 91.

Emmons KM, Emont SL, Collins RL, Weidner G, et al. Relapse prevention versus broad spectrum treatment for smoking cessation: A comparison of efficacy. J Subst Abuse 1988;1:79-89.

Gilbert JR, Wilson DM, Singer J, Lindsay EA, Willms DG, Best JA et al. A family physician smoking cessation program: An evaluation of the role of follow-up visits. Am J Prev Med 1992 Mar;8:91-5.

Ginsberg D, Hall SM, Rosinski M. Partner support, psychological treatment, and nicotine gum in smoking treatment: An incremental study. Int J Addict 1992 May;27:503-14.

Gomel M, Oldenburg B, Simpson JM, Owen N. Work-site cardiovascular risk reduction: A randomized trial of health risk assessment, education, counseling, and incentives. Am J Public Health 1993 Sep;83:1231-8.

Gruder CL, Mermelstein RJ, Kirkendol S, Hedeker D, Wong SC, Schreckengost J et al. Effects of social support and relapse prevention training as adjuncts to a televised smoking-cessation intervention. J Consult Clin Psychol 1993;61:113-20.

Hall SM, Killen JD. Psychological and pharmacological approaches to smoking relapse prevention. In: Grabowski J, Hall SM (Editors). Pharmacological Adjuncts in Smoking Cessation. U.S. DHHS, PHS, Alcohol, Drug Abuse, and Mental Health Administration, National Institute on Drug Abuse Monograph 53, DHHS Publication No. (ADM)85-1333. 1985;53:131-43.

Hall SM, Tunstall CD, Vila KL, Duffy J. Weight gain prevention and smoking cessation: Cautionary findings. Am J Public Health 1992 Jun;82:799-803.

Hughes GH, Hymowitz N, Ockene JK, Simon N, Vogt TM. The Multiple Risk Factor Intervention Trial (MRFIT). V. Intervention on smoking. Prev Med 1981 Jul;10:476-500.

Jamrozik K, Vessey M, Fowler G, Wald N, Parker G, Van Vunakis H. Controlled trial of three different antismoking interventions in general practice. Br Med J 1984 May;288:1499-1503.

Lando HA, Hellerstedt WL, Pirie PL, McGovern PG. Brief supportive telephone outreach as a recruitment and intervention strategy for smoking cessation. Am J Public Health 1992 Jan;82:41-6.

Lando HA, McGovern PG, Barrios FX, Etringer BD. Comparative evaluation of American Cancer Society and American Lung Association smoking cessation clinics . Am J Public Health 1990 May;80:554-9.

Langford ER, Thompson EG, Tripp SC. Smoking and health education during pregnancy: Evaluation of a program for women in prenatal classes. Can J Public Health 1983 Jul;74:285-9.

Leung JP. Smoking cessation by auricular acupuncture and behavioral therapy. Psychologia Intl J Psychol Orient 1991;34:177-87.

Mayer JP, Hawkins B, Todd R. A randomized evaluation of smoking cessation interventions for pregnant women at a WIC clinic. Am J Public Health 1990 Jan;80:76-8.

Mogielnicki RP, Neslin S, Dulac J, Balestra D, Gillie ECJ. Tailored media can enhance the success of smoking cessation clinics. J Behav Med 1986 Apr;9:141-61.

Mothersill KJ, McDowell I, Rosser W. Subject characteristics and long term post-program smoking cessation. Addict Behav 1988;13:29-36.

Omenn GS, Thompson B, Sexton M, Hessol N, Breitenstein B, Curry S et al. A randomized comparison of worksite-sponsored smoking cessation programs. Am J Prev Med 1988 Sep;4:261-7.

Orleans CT, Schoenbach VJ, Wagner EH, Quade D, Salmon MA, Pearson DC et al. Self-help quit smoking interventions: Effects of self-help materials, social support instructions, and telephone counseling. J Consult Clin Psychol 1991 Jun;59:439-48.

Patel C, Marmot MG, Terry DJ, et al. Trial of relaxation in reducing coronary risk: Four year follow up. Br Med J 1985 Apr;290:1103-6.

Paxton R. The effects of a deposit contract as a component in a behavioural programme for stopping smoking. Behav Res Ther 1980;18:45-50.

Pirie PL, McBride CM, Hellerstedt W, Jeffery RW, Hatsukami D, Allen S et al. Smoking cessation in women concerned about weight. Am J Public Health 1992 Sep;82:1238-43.

Rabkin SW, Boyko E, Shane F, Kaufert J. A randomized trial comparing smoking cessation programs utilizing behavior modification, health education or hypnosis. Addict Behav 1984;9:157-73.

Reid DD, Brett GZ, Hamilton PJS, Jarrett RJ, Keen H, Rose G. Cardiorespiratory disease and diabetes among middle-aged male civil servants. Lancet 1974 Mar;:469-73.

Richmond RL, Austin A, Webster IW. Three year evaluation of a programme by general practitioners to help patients to stop smoking. Br Med J 1986 Mar;292:803-6.

Richmond RL, Makinson RJ, Kehoe LA, Giugni AA, Webster IW. One-year evaluation of three smoking cessation interventions administered by general practitioners. Addict Behav 1993 Mar;18:187-99.

Sanders D, Fowler G, Mant D, Fuller A, Jones L, Marzillier J. Randomized controlled trial of anti-smoking advice by nurses in general practice. J R Coll Gen Pract 1989 Jul;39:273-6.

Sexton M, Hebel JR. A clinical trial of change in maternal smoking and its effect on birth weight. JAMA 1984 Feb;251:911-5.

Stevens VJ, Glasgow RE, Hollis JF, Lichtenstein E, Vogt TM. A smoking-cessation intervention for hospital patients. Med Care 1993 Jan;31:65-72.

Stewart PJ, Rosser WW. The impact of routine advice on smoking cessation from family physicians. Can Med Assoc J 1982 May;126:1051-4.

Taylor CB, Houston-Miller N, Haskell WL, Debusk RF. Smoking cessation after acute myocardial infarction: The effects of exercise training. Addict Behav 1988;13:331-5.

Weissfeld JL, Holloway JL. Treatment for cigarette smoking in a Department of Veterans Affairs outpatient clinic. Arch Intern Med 1991 May;151:973-7.

Windsor RA, Lowe JB, Bartlett EE. The effectiveness of a worksite self-help smoking cessation program: A randomized trial. J Behav Med 1988 Aug;11:407-21.

Zelman DC, Brandon TH, Jorenby DE, Baker TB. Measures of affect and nicotine dependence predict differential response to smoking cessation treatments. J Consult Clin Psychol 1992 Dec;60:943-52.

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Table 15. Efficacy of and Cessation Rates for Number of Person-to- Person Treatment Sessions

British Thoracic Society. Smoking cessation in patients: Two further studies by the British Thoracic Society. Thorax 1990 Nov;45:835-40.

Bronson DL, Flynn BS, Solomon LJ, Vacek P, Secker-Walker RH. Smoking cessation counseling during periodic health examinations. Arch Intern Med 1989 Jul;149:1653-6.

Cottraux JA, Harf R, Boissel JP, Schbath J, Bouvard M, Gillet J. Smoking cessation with behaviour therapy or acupuncture--A controlled study. Behav Res Ther 1983;21:417-24.

Curry SJ, Marlatt GA, Gordon J, Baer JS. A comparison of alternative theoretical approaches to smoking cessation and relapse. Health Psychol 1988;7:545-56.

Decker BD, Evans RG. Efficacy of a minimal contact version of a multimodal