Systolic Blood Pressure This is the high pressure phase of blood circulation, experienced every time the heart muscle (left ventricle) contracts and pumps blood through the arteries.

Diastolic Blood Pressure This is the low pressure phase of blood circulation, experienced throughout the heart's rest period between contractions.

Under normal resting conditions, the blood pressure against the artery walls is about 120 mm Hg when the heart muscle contracts (systole), and about 80 mm Hg when the heart muscle relaxes between beats (diastole) resting systolic readings above 140 mm Hg or diastolic readings above 90 mm Hg are typically considered hypertensive, indicating that the pressure of the blood against the artery walls is higher than desirable and may pose a health risk if it remains at these levels.

In case you wonder what the person on the other end of the stethoscope is listening to, the sounds correspond to the following components of blood circulation. When the air pressure cuff, called a sphygmomanometer, is pumped above the systolic blood pressure level there is no sound because the blood cannot pass the pressure point and the heart beats cannot be heard. As the air in the cuff is slowly released, the systolic pressure in the arteries exceeds the pressure in the cuff and the heart beats are heard through the stethoscope. The pressure at which the heart beat sound is first heard represents your systolic blood pressure.

As the air in the cuff is further reduced, there comes a point where the diastolic pressure in the arteries also exceeds the pressure in the cuff and the heart beats can no longer be heard through the stethoscope. The pressure at which the heart beat sound is last heard represents your diastolic blood pressure.

Assessing resting blood pressure is really an ingenious yet relatively simple procedure that provides valuable information about our circulatory system and cardiovascular condition. Knowing our resting blood pressure parameters is important, but if the numbers are consistently elevated we should take appropriate action.

Step one is to consult with your personal physician and abide by his/her advice. This may require taking specific types of medication to help bring your blood pressure into the desired range. Most likely, your doctor will prescribe some lifestyle changes such as eating a more nutritious diet that emphasizes vegetables, fruits and grains, and calls for fewer fats, high sodium and processed foods. Another recommendation will undoubtedly be to participate in a regular exercise program, such as walking or cycling.

For the record, strength training has also been shown to have beneficial effects on resting blood pressure, and a combined program of strength and endurance exercise may be the best approach. In our study of almost 800 adults and seniors who did 25 minutes each of strength and endurance activity, two or three days a week, for eight weeks, we found significant improvements in resting blood pressure. In fact, the participants in the 60 to 80 year age range reduced their systolic pressure by about 6 mm Hg and their diastolic pressure by about 4 mm Hg. At the same time, the exercisers added about 2.5 pounds of muscle and lost about 4.5 pounds of fat, for a better body composition that can also assist in blood pressure regulation.