Dietrich AJ, O'Connor GT, Keller A, Carney PA, Levy D, Whaley FS. Cancer: Improving early detection and prevention. A community practice randomized trial. Br Med J 1992;304:687-91.

Fiore MC, Jorenby DE, Schensky AE, Smith SS, Bauer RR, Baker TB. Smoking status as the new vital sign: Impact on assessment and intervention with patients who smoke. Mayo Clin Proc 1995 Mar;70:209-13.

Hahn DL, Berger MG. Implementation of a systematic health maintenance protocol in a private practice. J Fam Pract 1990;31:492-504.

Kottke TE, Solberg LI, Brekke ML, Conn SA, Maxwell P, Brekke MJ. A controlled trial to integrate smoking cessation advice into primary care practice: Doctors helping smokers, round III. J Fam Pract 1992;34:701-8.

McIlvain HE, Susman JL, Manners MA, Davis CM, Gilbert CS. Improving smoking cessation counseling by family practice residents. J Fam Pract 1992;34:745-9.

Robinson MD, Laurent SL, Little JM Jr. Including smoking status as a new vital sign: It works! J Fam Pract 1995 Jun;40:556-61.

Strecher VJ, O'Malley MS, Villagra VG, Campbell EE, Gonzalez JJ, Irons TG et al. Can residents be trained to counsel patients about quitting smoking? Results from a randomized trial. J Gen Intern Med 1991 Jan;6:9-17.

Table 5. The Impact of Having a Smoking Status Identification System in Place on the Rates of Cessation among Patients Who Smoke

Cohen SJ, Christen AG, Katz BP, Drook CA, Davis BJ, Smith DM et al. Counseling medical and dental patients about cigarette smoking: the impact of nicotine gum and chart reminders. Am J Public Health 1987 Mar;77:313-6. (treated as two studies)

Strecher VJ, O'Malley MS, Villagra VG, Campbell EE, Gonzalez JJ, Irons TG et al. Can residents be trained to counsel patients about quitting smoking? Results from a randomized trial. J Gen Intern Med 1991 Jan;6:9-17.

Table 6. Efficacy of Advice to Quit by a Clinician

Demers RY, Neale AV, Adams R, Trembath C, Herman SC. The impact of physicians' brief smoking cessation counseling: A MIRNET study. J Fam Pract 1990 Dec;31:625-9.

Jamrozik K, Vessey M, Fowler G, Wald N, Parker G, Van Vunakis H. Controlled trial of three different antismoking interventions in general practice. Br Med J 1984 May;288:1499-1503.

Page AR, Walters DJ, Schlegel RP, Best JA. Smoking cessation in family practice: The effects of advice and nicotine chewing gum prescription. Addict Behav 1986;11:443-6.

Russell MA, Merriman R, Stapleton J, Taylor W. Effect of nicotine chewing gum as an adjunct to general practitioners' advice against smoking. Br Med J 1983 Dec;287:1782-5.

Russell MA, Wilson C, Taylor C, Baker CD. Effect of general practitioners' advice against smoking. Br Med J 1979 Jul;2:231-5.

Slama K, Redman S, Perkins J, Reid AL, Sanson-Fisher RW. The effectiveness of two smoking cessation programmes for use in general practice: A randomised clinical trial. Br Med J 1990 Jun;300:1707-9.

Stewart PJ, Rosser WW. The impact of routine advice on smoking cessation from family physicians. Can Med Assoc J 1982 May;126:1051-4.

Table 8. Efficacy of and Estimated Cessation Rates for Interventions Delivered by Various Types of Providers

British Thoracic Society. Smoking cessation in patients: two further studies by the British Thoracic Society. Thorax 1990:45:835-840.